中藥學堂 總論與興奮劑篇 中藥運動禁藥觀念建立與高風險中藥材(一) ◎文/藥師楊佳蒨 世界反運動禁藥機構(WADA)每年更新《禁用清單》,依據2023年所公告之物質與方法分為以下三大類:⑴任何時候皆禁用(Prohibited at all times)(S0~S5),包括未經核准物質、合成代謝劑、胜肽類激素、生長因子、β2- agonists(β2受體致效劑)、賀爾蒙調節劑及利尿劑等;⑵僅賽內禁用(Prohibited in-competition)(S6~S9),包含興奮劑、麻醉劑、大麻素類及糖皮質類固醇(glucocorticoids);⑶特定運動項目禁用(Prohibited in particular sports)(P1)β 阻斷劑。提供運動員辨識不同情境的用藥風險1。 多項研究指出,中藥材可能含與運動禁藥作用相近的天然成分,具有造成賽外與賽內違規的風險。首先是麝香含多種天然類固醇成分,如androsterone、etiocholanolone 等,足以干擾尿中類固醇圖譜(steroid profile),使檢測呈現外源性類固醇使用之不利判讀。再者若干常用中藥含有興奮劑或β2- agonists作用之天然成分,例如麻黃(含麻黃鹼ephedrine)、馬錢子(含番木鼈鹼/士的寧strychnine)、黃柏/黃蘗、蓮子(心)、烏頭、細辛、地膚子及吳茱萸等(含去甲烏藥鹼/海藍鹼higenamine)、罌粟(含嗎啡morphine)及枳實、枳殼及玳玳花等(含辛弗林synephrine)等,已被WADA納入運動禁藥管制及監測範疇,運動員應避免使用。1,2,3,4,5,6 (待續) 參考資料: 1. Comprehensive Analysis of Prohibited Substances and Methods in Sports: Unveiling Trends, Pharmacokinetics, and WADA Evolution. Oleksak P, Nepovimova E, Valko M, et al. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology. 2024;108:104447. 2. Determination of Doping Higenamine in Chinese Herbal Medicines and Their Concentrated Preparations by LC-MS/MS. Lin YA, Hsu MC. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2024;246:116188. 3. Potential Health Risks of Foodborne Performance-Enhancing Drugs in Competitive Sports. Wei M, Wang J. Heliyon. 2023;9(10):e21104. 4. Traditional Chinese Medicine and Sports Drug Testing: Identification of Natural Steroid Administration in Doping Control Urine Samples Resulting From Musk (Pod) Extracts. Thevis M, Schänzer W, Geyer H, et al. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2013;47(2):109-14. 5. Practical Efficacy of Prior Checks on Athletes' Medication Use for the Prevention of Unintentional Doping. Okada T, Matsuo S, Shimada K, Minamino T. Substance Use & Misuse. 2022;57(13):1946-1952. 6. Intended or Unintended Doping? A Review of the Presence of Doping Substances in Dietary Supplements Used in Sports. Martínez-Sanz JM, Sospedra I, Ortiz CM, et al. Nutrients. 2017;9(10):E1093. (本文作者為彰化基督教醫院中醫藥局主任)