COVID-19下 非藥物預防方法 ◎文╱藥師王涵瑩 2019 年新型冠狀病毒 (COVID-19) 在中國蔓延,並在 2020 年 1 月 31 日由世界衛生組織 (WHO) 宣布 COVID-19 為「國際公共衛生緊急事件」,該病毒以直接接觸或飛沫傳染,存在於鼻腔和口腔黏膜,鼻黏膜潮濕的環境且在基底層有血管收縮素轉換酶2(ACE2)接受器存在,使冠狀病毒具有與接受器結合並感染鼻黏膜細胞的能力1。COVID-19 大多數患者有明顯上呼吸道症狀,而老年人和患有慢性病,如高血糖、高血壓及心血管疾病的人中,容易併發嚴重急性呼吸窘迫綜合症 (ARDS) 和細胞激素風暴2,3。 多種病毒和細菌容易引起上呼吸道感染 (upper respiratory tract infections),誘發疾病,包括急性支氣管炎、普通感冒、流感和急性呼吸窘迫綜合症,常見症狀包括:流鼻涕、鼻塞、打噴嚏、喉嚨痛、頭痛不適、畏寒和咳嗽4。上呼吸道感染常規治療為支持性療法,建議補充水分和多休息5,減少或阻絕病菌經由口、鼻腔,除了口罩及洗手等公衛手段外,有效清除存在於口、鼻腔的病菌,是另一種預防手段。文獻指出,鼻腔沖洗能有效改善鼻腔疾病患者的症狀和健康狀況6。 鼻腔沖洗作為一種非藥物預防方法,通過去除抗原、發炎物質7,8和微生物(如細菌和病毒)8,9來清潔鼻腔,針對冠狀病毒患者可以減少病程,舒緩症狀10,此外,可以透過改善鼻腔黏液纖毛功能降低上呼道感染11,12。 過去研究,鹽水鼻腔沖洗可以降低上呼吸道症狀,尤其是鼻部症狀,如鼻塞和流鼻水8,10,13,減少藥物治療及改善生活品質,除了緩解急性期症狀,也預防鼻部症狀復發13。另項研究,使用 Iota-角叉菜膠作為鼻沖洗劑140μL /天,3 次/天,結果顯示能夠降低鼻腔病毒量並減少發炎因子,改善鼻部症狀8。市售口、鼻腔劑中所含成分包括PVP-I、ethanol、essential oil、chlorhexidine、hydrogenperoxide,提供直接抑制病毒或參與口鼻腔黏麼免疫反應等作用機制。 鼻腔沖洗能舒緩上呼吸道感染所引發的不適,具有預防及控制呼吸道傳染疾病的潛力13,且大多數試驗者皆無不良反應9,但無法取代傳統的個人保護用具(口罩、面罩等),卻仍具有極大潛力作為輔助預防呼吸道感染的有效方法14。 參考資料: 1. Yan Y, Chen H, Chen L. et al. Consensus of chinese experts on protection of skin and mucous membrane barrier for health-care workers fighting against coronavirus disease 2019. Dermatologic Therapy. 2020; 33(4): e13310. 2. Rothan HA, Byrareddy SN. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. J. Autoimmun. 2020; 109: 102433. 3. Guo YR, Cao QD, Hong ZS. et al. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak – an update on the status. Military Med Res. 2020; 7: 11. 4. Thomas M, Bomar PA. Upper respiratory tract infection. Statpearls publishing. 2022. 5. Simasek M, Blandino DA. Treatment of the common cold. Am Fam Physician. 2007; 75(4): 515-20. 6. Tomooka LT, Murphy C, Davidson TM, Clinical study and literature review of nasal irrigation. Laryngoscope. 2000; 110: 1189-93. 7. Georgitis JW. Nasal hyperthermia and simple irrigation for perennial rhinitis: changes in inflammatory mediators. Chest. 1994; 106: 1487-1492 8. Eccles R, Meier C, Jawad M. et al. Efficacy and safety of an antiviral iota- carrageenan nasal spray: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled exploratory study in volunteers with early symptoms of the common cold. Respir Res. 2010; 11: 108 9. Ramalingam S, Graham C, Dove J, Morrice L, Sheikh A. A pilot, open labelled, randomised controlled trial of hypertonic saline nasal irrigation and gargling for the common cold. Sci Rep. 2019; 9: 1015 10. Ramalingam S, Graham C, Dove J, Morrice L, Sheikh A. Hypertonic saline nasal irrigation and gargling should be considered as a treatment option for COVID-19. J Glob Health. 2020;10(1):010332. 11. Talbot AR, Herr TM, Parsons DS. Mucociliary clearance and buffered hypertonic saline solution. Laryngoscope. 1997; 107: 500-503. 12. Bustamante-Marin XM, Ostrowski LE, Cilia and mucociliary clearance. Cold spring harb perspect biol. 2017; 9: a028241. 13. Slapak I, Skoupá J, Strnad P, Horník P. Efficacy of iosotonic nasal wash (seawater) in the treatment and prevention of rhinitis in children. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008;134(1):67-74. 14. Christopher Stathis, Nikolas Victoria, Kristin Loomis, Shaun A Nguyen, Maren Eggers, Edward Septimus, Nasia Safdar. Review of the use of nasal and oral antiseptics during a global pandemic. Future Microbiol. 2021;16(2):119-130.