◎文╱藥師王涵瑩
2019 年新型冠狀病毒 (COVID-19) 在中國蔓延,並在 2020 年 1 月 31 日由世界衛生組織 (WHO) 宣布 COVID-19 為「國際公共衛生緊急事件」,該病毒以直接接觸或飛沫傳染,存在於鼻腔和口腔黏膜,鼻黏膜潮濕的環境且在基底層有血管收縮素轉換酶2(ACE2)接受器存在,使冠狀病毒具有與接受器結合並感染鼻黏膜細胞的能力1。COVID-19 大多數患者有明顯上呼吸道症狀,而老年人和患有慢性病,如高血糖、高血壓及心血管疾病的人中,容易併發嚴重急性呼吸窘迫綜合症 (ARDS) 和細胞激素風暴2,3。
多種病毒和細菌容易引起上呼吸道感染 (upper respiratory tract infections),誘發疾病,包括急性支氣管炎、普通感冒、流感和急性呼吸窘迫綜合症,常見症狀包括:流鼻涕、鼻塞、打噴嚏、喉嚨痛、頭痛不適、畏寒和咳嗽4。上呼吸道感染常規治療為支持性療法,建議補充水分和多休息5,減少或阻絕病菌經由口、鼻腔,除了口罩及洗手等公衛手段外,有效清除存在於口、鼻腔的病菌,是另一種預防手段。文獻指出,鼻腔沖洗能有效改善鼻腔疾病患者的症狀和健康狀況6。
鼻腔沖洗作為一種非藥物預防方法,通過去除抗原、發炎物質7,8和微生物(如細菌和病毒)8,9來清潔鼻腔,針對冠狀病毒患者可以減少病程,舒緩症狀10,此外,可以透過改善鼻腔黏液纖毛功能降低上呼道感染11,12。
過去研究,鹽水鼻腔沖洗可以降低上呼吸道症狀,尤其是鼻部症狀,如鼻塞和流鼻水8,10,13,減少藥物治療及改善生活品質,除了緩解急性期症狀,也預防鼻部症狀復發13。另項研究,使用 Iota-角叉菜膠作為鼻沖洗劑140μL /天,3 次/天,結果顯示能夠降低鼻腔病毒量並減少發炎因子,改善鼻部症狀8。市售口、鼻腔劑中所含成分包括PVP-I、ethanol、essential oil、chlorhexidine、hydrogenperoxide,提供直接抑制病毒或參與口鼻腔黏麼免疫反應等作用機制。
鼻腔沖洗能舒緩上呼吸道感染所引發的不適,具有預防及控制呼吸道傳染疾病的潛力13,且大多數試驗者皆無不良反應9,但無法取代傳統的個人保護用具(口罩、面罩等),卻仍具有極大潛力作為輔助預防呼吸道感染的有效方法14。
參考資料:
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